{"id":6731,"date":"2018-11-10T17:28:33","date_gmt":"2018-11-10T16:28:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tinnunculus.sy-sy.cz\/?page_id=6731"},"modified":"2025-12-14T23:33:14","modified_gmt":"2025-12-14T22:33:14","slug":"postolka-obecna-obecne","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/tinnunculus.sy-sy.cz\/index.php\/postolka-obecna-obecne\/","title":{"rendered":"Po\u0161tolka obecn\u00e1 | obecn\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u011bdeck\u00fd n\u00e1zev<\/strong> | Falco tinnunculus<\/em> Linnaeus, 1758 \u00a0–\u00a0po\u0161tolka obecn\u00e1 <\/span>
\nTaxonomick\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed<\/strong> | \u0159\u00ed\u0161e Animalia <\/span> \/ kmen Chordata <\/span> \/ t\u0159\u00edda Aves <\/span> \/ \u0159\u00e1d Falconiformes <\/span> \/ \u010dele\u010f Falconidae<\/span><\/p>\n

anglicky: Common Kestrel<\/a> | b\u011blorusky: \u0417\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430<\/a> | bulharsky: \u041a\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0437\u00a0<\/a>| \u010desky: Po\u0161tolka obecn\u00e1<\/a>\u00a0| \u010d\u00ednsky: \u7ea2\u96bc<\/a> | d\u00e1nsky: T\u00e5rnfalk<\/a> | finsky: Tuulihaukka<\/a> | francouzsky: Faucon cr\u00e9cerelle<\/a> | holandsky: Torenvalk<\/a>\u00a0 | islandsky: Turnf\u00e1lki |\u00a0 italsky: Gheppio comune<\/a> |\u00a0 japonsky:\u00a0 \u30c1\u30e7\u30a6\u30b2\u30f3\u30dc\u30a6<\/a> (chougenbou) | ma\u010farsky: V\u00f6r\u00f6s v\u00e9rcse<\/a> | n\u011bmecky: Turmfalke<\/a> | norsky: T\u00e5rnfalk<\/a> | polsky: Pustulka zwyczajna<\/a> | portugalsky: Peneireiro-vulgar<\/a> (peneireiro-de-dorso-malhado) | rumunsky: V\u00e2nturel ro\u0219u<\/a> | rus\u00ednsky: \u041f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 <\/a>|\u00a0rusky: \u041e\u0431\u044b\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430<\/a> | \u0159ecky: \u0392\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03c1\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03bf <\/a>| slovensky: Sokol my\u0161iar<\/a> (pustovka) | srbsky:\u00a0\u0412\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430<\/a> | \u0161pan\u011blsky: Cernicalo Vulgar<\/a> | \u0161v\u00e9dsky: Tornfalk<\/a> | turecky: Baya\u011f\u0131 kerkenez<\/a> | ukrajinsky:\u00a0\u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

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Vzhled<\/strong> | drobn\u00fd sokolovit\u00fd dravec o n\u011bco v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e hrdli\u010dka divok\u00e1.\u00a0 Jako ostatn\u00ed sokoli m\u00e1 po\u0161tolka na horn\u00ed \u010delisti zob\u00e1ku zejk. Tento ostr\u00fd v\u00fdr\u016fstek slou\u017e\u00ed k trh\u00e1n\u00ed potravy. M\u00e1 dlouh\u00e1, trochu srpovit\u011b zahnut\u00e1 k\u0159\u00eddla, kter\u00e1 se na konci zu\u017euj\u00ed v uzav\u0159enou \u0161pi\u010dku, a dlouh\u00fd ocas. Charakteristick\u00fd pro ob\u011b pohlav\u00ed je tmav\u00fd \u201e sokol\u00ed vous<\/em>\u201c na\u00a0 tv\u00e1\u0159i.\u00a0<\/span> Samec m\u00e1 hn\u011bdosko\u0159icov\u011b zabarven\u00fd h\u0159bet s tmav\u00fdmi kapkovit\u00fdmi skvrnami, na\u017eloutl\u00fd spodek t\u011bla s pod\u00e9ln\u00fdmi skvrnkami, \u017elut\u00e9 nohy s \u010dern\u00fdmi dr\u00e1py, \u0161edou hlavu a \u0161ed\u00fd ocas se \u0161irok\u00fdm \u010dern\u00fdm koncov\u00fdm pruhem. Samice a mlad\u00ed pt\u00e1ci jsou cel\u00ed rezavohn\u011bd\u00ed s p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fdmi skvrnami na h\u0159bet\u011b a pruhy na ocase a jsou na spodn\u00ed stran\u011b t\u011bla skvrnit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e samec.
\nHmotnost<\/strong> | samec pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b 180 g (125-253 g), samice pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b 220 g (136-303 g)
\nD\u00e9lka\u00a0<\/strong>| samec 32 cm,\u00a0 samice 38 cm
\nRozp\u011bt\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddel<\/strong> | 68-80 cm
\nSt\u00e1\u0159\u00ed<\/strong> | nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd v\u011bk ve voln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b 16 rok\u016f (krou\u017ekovan\u00fd pt\u00e1k ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku); u n\u00e1s 9,5 roku. Pouze 66% po\u0161tolek se ve voln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b do\u017eije t\u0159et\u00edho roku \u017eivota.
\nRoz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed <\/strong>| roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ena v cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b, Africe (krom\u011b Sahary) a ve velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti Asie.
\nV\u00fdskyt druhu Falco tinnunculus v jednotliv\u00fdch period\u00e1ch podle z\u00e1znam\u016f v N\u00e1lezov\u00e9 datab\u00e1zi ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody (AOPK)<\/a>
\nProst\u0159ed\u00ed<\/strong> |\u00a0 otev\u0159en\u00e1 krajina zejm\u00e9na v rovin\u011b \u010di pahorkatin\u011b s poli, loukami a pastvinami.\u00a0 Vyskytuje se i v les\u00edch, pokud jsou protk\u00e1ny pasekami a lesn\u00edmi loukami. Od poloviny 20. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1 po\u0161tolek, kter\u00e9 os\u00eddlily m\u011bstsk\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed.\u00a0
\nTah a zimov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong> | u n\u00e1s se vyskytuje po cel\u00fd rok, n\u011bkter\u00e9 na\u0161e po\u0161tolky, hlavn\u011b mlad\u00ed pt\u00e1ci, t\u00e1hnou a\u017e do severn\u00ed a z\u00e1padn\u00ed Afriky, na podzim a v zim\u011b se u n\u00e1s vyskytuj\u00ed i pt\u00e1ci z hn\u00edzdi\u0161\u0165 v SRN, Polsku, \u0160v\u00e9dsku \u010di Finsku.
\nTeritorium <\/strong>| 2\u201410 km\u00b2. Mohou se p\u0159ekr\u00fdvat (nap\u0159. po\u0161tolky hn\u00edzd\u00edc\u00ed v centrech m\u011bst a zal\u00e9t\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u011b lovit na jeho okraj mohou m\u00edt v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed domovsk\u00e9 okrsky, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00ed s teritorii venkovsk\u00fdch a perifern\u00edch po\u0161tolek).
\nChov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong> | mimo hn\u00edzdn\u00ed obdob\u00ed tr\u00e1v\u00ed dosp\u011bl\u00e9 po\u0161tolky v\u011bt\u0161inu roku samot\u00e1\u0159sky. Pokud zrovna nelov\u00ed, tak po v\u011bt\u0161inu dne a noci posed\u00e1vaj\u00ed n\u011bkde ve sv\u00e9m teritoriu; del\u0161\u00ed \u010das pak tr\u00e1v\u00ed ve vzduchu a\u017e p\u0159i n\u00e1mluv\u00e1ch. Ve m\u011bstech\u00a0 nocuj\u00ed na stabiln\u00edch m\u00edstech, zpravidla na \u0159\u00edms\u00e1ch a okapech v bl\u00edzkosti hn\u00edzda; mohou zde ale nocovat i po\u0161tolky hn\u00edzd\u00edc\u00ed mimo m\u011bsto.
\nUpozorn\u011bn\u00edm na takov\u00e9 nocovi\u0161t\u011b nebo hn\u00edzdi\u0161t\u011b po\u0161tolek b\u00fdvaj\u00ed v\u00fdvr\u017eky<\/a> (chuchvalce nestraviteln\u00fdch slo\u017eek potravy (srsti, pe\u0159\u00ed, kosti), vyd\u00e1ven\u00e9 ze svalnat\u00e9ho dravc\u016f a sov) a st\u0159\u00edkance b\u00edl\u00e9ho trusu.
\nPotrava<\/strong> | drobn\u00ed hlodavci, hlavn\u011b hrabo\u0161 poln\u00ed, tvo\u0159\u00ed 80 a\u017e 90% jej\u00ed potravy. V dob\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e9 po\u010detnosti hrabo\u0161e se m\u016f\u017ee po\u0161tolka p\u0159eorientovat na dostupn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ko\u0159ist, nap\u0159\u00edklad na pr\u00e1v\u011b vyl\u00e9tl\u00e1 ml\u00e1\u010fata p\u011bvc\u016f a hmyz. Mezi ope\u0159ence, kter\u00e9 po\u0161tolky nej\u010dast\u011bji lov\u00ed, pat\u0159\u00ed vrabci, s\u00fdkory a kosi.\u00a0 Vyb\u00edr\u00e1 tak\u00e9 holub\u00ed ml\u00e1\u010fata z hn\u00edzd. Z hmyzu jsou v potrav\u011b zastoupeni p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b brouci z \u010deledi st\u0159evl\u00edkovit\u00fdch a kobylky. Po\u0161tolky ob\u010das, nej\u010dast\u011bji po de\u0161t\u00edch, sb\u00edraj\u00ed na povrch vylezl\u00e9 \u017e\u00ed\u017ealy.
\nZp\u016fsob lovu<\/strong> | Lov\u00ed ve dne v otev\u0159en\u00e9 krajin\u011b pom\u011brn\u011b n\u00edzko nad ter\u00e9nem.\u00a0 Po ko\u0159isti p\u00e1tr\u00e1 z vyv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdch m\u00edst nebo za letu, v n\u011bm\u017e se \u010dasto zastav\u00ed ve vzduchu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e pozici udr\u017euje rychl\u00fdm t\u0159epet\u00e1n\u00edm k\u0159\u00eddel za pomoci \u0161iroce rozta\u017een\u00e9ho ocasu sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edho k zemi. Na vyhl\u00e9dnutou ko\u0159ist za\u00fato\u010d\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou\u00a0st\u0159emhlav\u00fdm letem, zatne do n\u00ed dr\u00e1py a balancuje na \u00falovku se zdvi\u017een\u00fdmi k\u0159\u00eddly. V pr\u016fm\u011bru je \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd asi ka\u017ed\u00fd des\u00e1t\u00fd \u00fatok. Ko\u0159ist si odn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed (pokud nez\u00e1sobuje rodinu) na vyv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 m\u00edsta, kde ji zkonzumuje. Po r\u00e1nu a v podve\u010der naloven\u00e9 p\u0159ebytky m\u016f\u017ee ukr\u00fdvat do spi\u017en\u00edch skr\u00fd\u0161\u00ed.
\nP\u0159i lovu po\u0161tolka vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 schopnost vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed UV sv\u011btla, kter\u00e9 emituje mo\u010d,\u00a0 j\u00ed\u017e si hrabo\u0161i zna\u010dkuj\u00ed cesti\u010dky ve sv\u00e9m teritoriu.
\nHn\u00edzd\u011bn\u00ed<\/strong> | 1x ro\u010dn\u011b, b\u0159ezen a\u017e \u010derven. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zni\u010den\u00ed vajec m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt snesena druh\u00e1 n\u00e1hradn\u00ed sn\u016f\u0161ka. Za\u010d\u00e1tek hn\u00edzd\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed na potravn\u00edch a klimatick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. Ve m\u011bst\u011b za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 hn\u00edzdit oproti voln\u00e9 krajin\u011b asi o 14 dn\u00ed d\u0159\u00edve.
\nTok<\/strong> |\u00a0za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 u\u017e v \u00fanoru.
\nN\u00e1mluvy u po\u0161tolek prob\u00edhaj\u00ed velmi hlu\u010dn\u011b. Samec se samic\u00ed krou\u017e\u00ed nad budouc\u00edm hn\u00edzdi\u0161t\u011bm, hlasit\u011b se oz\u00fdv\u00e1 ostr\u00fdm ki-ki-ki a za letu p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u00ed akrobatick\u00e9 schopnosti. P\u0159ed p\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm, k n\u011bmu\u017e doch\u00e1z\u00ed v bl\u00edzkosti vyhl\u00e9dnut\u00e9ho hn\u00edzda za hlasit\u00fdch zvukov\u00fdch projev\u016f (vysok\u00e9 je-er\u2013jeer), nos\u00ed samec samici nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ko\u0159ist.
\nPo\u0161tolky jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou monogamn\u00ed, byla v\u0161ak zaznamen\u00e1na i polygynie a v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b i polyandrie.
\nHn\u00edzdi\u0161t\u011b<\/strong> | hn\u00edzdo si nestav\u00ed ani je nevyst\u00fdl\u00e1, pouze podle mo\u017enost\u00ed vyhloub\u00ed v podkladu jamku (pr\u016fm\u011br 13\u201416 (26) cm, hloubka 4\u20148,5 cm). Hn\u00edzd\u00ed na stromech v hn\u00edzdech postaven\u00fdch jin\u00fdmi pt\u00e1ky (vr\u00e1ny, straky…) nebo ve stromov\u00fdch dutin\u00e1ch.\u00a0 M\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto ve skaln\u00edch dutin\u00e1ch a \u0161t\u011brbin\u00e1ch nebo hlinit\u00fdch st\u011bn\u00e1ch. Vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 i v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed budky.\u00a0 V lidsk\u00fdch s\u00eddlech v kosteln\u00edch v\u011b\u017e\u00edch, na p\u016fd\u00e1ch, balkonech a v r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u00fdklenc\u00edch budov i kv\u011btin\u00e1\u010d\u00edch a truhl\u00edc\u00edch za okny.\u00a0 M\u011bsto nab\u00edz\u00ed po\u0161tolk\u00e1m v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed hn\u00edzdn\u00edch dutin, proto zde b\u00fdv\u00e1 i v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hustota hn\u00edzdn\u00edch p\u00e1r\u016f.
\nN\u011bkdy se v\u00edce p\u00e1r\u016f seskup\u00ed do voln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hn\u00edzdn\u00ed kolonie na pro hn\u00edzd\u011bn\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch lidsk\u00fdch stavb\u00e1ch (hrady, z\u0159\u00edceniny…) i mimo s\u00eddla (stromo\u0159ad\u00ed na ji\u017en\u00ed Morav\u011b).
\nSn\u016f\u0161ka<\/strong> | 3\u20147, obvykle 4\u20146 vajec s pr\u016fm\u011brnou hmotnost\u00ed cca 19 gram\u016f. Zbarven\u00ed vajec je prom\u011bnliv\u00e9, vesm\u011bs okrov\u011b hn\u011bd\u00e9 s tmav\u0161\u00edmi skvrnami nebo mramorov\u00e1n\u00edm. Vejce jsou sn\u00e1\u0161ena v intervalu 1\u20142 dni.\u00a0 Sn\u016f\u0161ky s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm po\u010dtem vajec ne\u017e 7 jsou pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b v\u00fdsledkem sn\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed dvou samic do stejn\u00e9ho hn\u00edzda.
\nInkubace<\/strong> | 28\u201431 dn\u00ed. Za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 obvykle snesen\u00edm p\u0159edposledn\u00edho vejce. Na vejc\u00edch sed\u00ed samice, samec ji st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1 v dob\u011b, kdy\u017e konzumuje j\u00edm donesenou potravu.
\nHn\u00edzdn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de<\/strong> | 27\u201430 (38) dn\u016f. Ml\u00e1\u010fata jsou krmiv\u00e1. Samice na nich sed\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b asi prvn\u00edch deset dn\u00ed po vyl\u00edhnut\u00ed, dokud maj\u00ed pouze prvn\u00ed b\u00edl\u00e9 prachov\u00e9 pe\u0159\u00ed a nejsou schopna sama regulovat svou t\u011blesnou teplotu. Z po\u010d\u00e1tku samice ml\u00e1\u010fat\u016fm potravu trh\u00e1. Krmit ml\u00e1\u010fata dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed i n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed samci. Ve v\u011bku 22 dn\u00ed ji\u017e ml\u00e1\u010fata jsou schopna natrhat si\u00a0 donesenou potravu sama. Po vylet\u011bn\u00ed jsou je\u0161t\u011b asi m\u011bs\u00edc z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na potrav\u011b, kterou jim nos\u00ed rodi\u010de.
\nDosp\u011blost<\/strong> | ve 2. roce \u017eivota<\/p>\n

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